Critical Readers in the Misinformation Age
Did you know that Chicago was the most dangerous city in the US in 2014? I didn’t. I would have thought it was some bigger city but according to this set of FBI statistics of total murders, I was wrong. But actually, was I? It’s very easy to look at this graph at face value without digging much further into the narrative it presents. As readers, we absorb this information, particularly when it comes from a perceived authority but do we question it appropriately? I hope so, but I’m not sure that’s always the case, especially when it comes to our learners who are being inundated with new information in a new environment in a language other than their L1. If you and they are critical readers, however, you may have questioned the population of these cities and therefore the related ratio, which would provide a more contextualised definition of ‘most dangerous’.
Let’s take a closer look at the same information presented in this chart, but with more context.
On the right (and “right”) are similar murder stats but put into the context of population. A different picture then emerges: Detroit, based on the ratio of murders to population, comes out as the most dangerous city. One would argue this is more true, though no more accurate in terms of numbers than the “wrong” chart.
This example of critical reading is fairly benign. Yes, you might change your travel plans or second-guess long-term life plans if moving to Detroit or New Orleans was a thing for you, but really, for most of us, it’s more or less an interesting exercise and we’ll move on quickly to something else. Imagine, however, that what I presented to you was something a bit more sinister to our learners: news that demonizes them or their cultures with manipulated narratives or completely unfounded ‘facts’ on the left. Would they know better than to take it at face value? I hope so, but as someone new to a country or interacting with everyone in L2 or L3 or L4 for the first authentic time, learners may not do so immediately (I mean, does the rest of our society even?).
Earlier in May, I had the pleasure to be invited to Guelph as the plenary speaker at a local ELT conference. For close to an hour, I talked about this need for critical reading skills practice, situating it mainly in the recent flurry of fake news and alternative facts in this post-truth era.
I had four critical questions to address regarding the impact of fake news and the need for critical reading skills:
- Is this phenomenon (of fake news, etc) a new thing?
- Why are we susceptible to it?
- How does it impact learner perceptions and perceptions of them?
- How can we foster critical reading strategies among our learners? And is it our responsibility as language teachers to do something about it?
Let’s try a couple more little exercises. Look at this image from Snow White. Look familiar?
OK, now really look at it. Did you notice anything about it that seems off in some way?
Part of me just wants to leave you hanging. But as an educator, I feel compelled to guide you… Who’s that guy? I don’t remember a fully grown man sleeping in the dwarves’ house. Do you?
At first glance, because of what Shermer (2002, 2017) refers to as ‘cognitive simplicity’, we often overlook small inaccuracies or do not even notice them because it’s easier to believe the information we are presented with. More specifically, when untruth appears to be plausible, even in the face of what we know, our brains often disregard it as it’s not threatening. Because this guy doesn’t really look out of place, it’s easy for us not to care that he’s there. One place where this pops up in texts quite commonly: Facebook memes. Take a look at Russ Mayne’s post here about lightning rods, edumemes, deepities, etc. Down to even a micro language level, one could argue the same phenomenon occurs when our learners write grammatically incorrect or lexically mismatch phrases despite knowing their wrong: it’s just too unimportant to care. But is it? Does inaccurate info never lead to negative impact? PS – did you overlook any error within this paragraph because it’s not that important? 😉
While photoshopped imagery seems pretty innocuous, hardcore beliefs about cultures, education, or even language learning itself, can be wrong. Yet despite sometimes overwhelming evidence to the contrary, some individuals in our society refuse to budge. Have you ever wondered how they can continue to maintain a belief even when almost everyone seems to believe the opposite? Check out any grammatical syllabus, or consider any ELT job ads with the words ‘native English teachers’ included sometime, as examples. There’s a certain threat perceived here and the response, one where people push back illogically, is what Nyhan & Reifler (2010) call the ‘backfire effect’. The Onion does a great job of illustrating this.
Let’s try one more little exercise. Who knows what Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) is? I hadn’t, but I do now. Let’s do a little learning. This information comes from DHMO.org:
Sounds like a chemical you don’t want to come into contact with, right? Well…consider all of the bullet points. What do each have in common? What element that you know of may be in each?
Water. Now test that theory on each bullet point. This is just a quick example of how text, when presented by what appears to be an authority, can shape a narrative that leads an uncritical reader to a completely incorrect conclusion. Imagine a learner reads a text from a negative perspective about their classmate’s culture in the newspaper or that they know their neighbours have read some about their culture (imagine them everywhere). Do we need to help them build the linguistic and literacy skills to navigate either situation? Yes.
I believe it is our responsibility, as often one of the first if not the first points of contact for our learners in English, to help build their critical reading skills because not doing so can perpetuate a negative perception of themselves, their roles in English, and their identities as learners in their new countries of study, living, or work. Reading is, after all, a key component of language–integral to any learner whether it is in the form of course texts, newspaper articles, or social media shares.
So back to the four key questions and links to specific areas of the talk to explore:
- Is this phenomenon (of fake news, etc) a new thing? NO. See 9:06.
- Why are we susceptible to it? We’ve looked at a couple examples in this article, but I walk through it more clearly with more examples starting at 14:41.
- How does it impact our learners perceptions and perceptions of them? YES. See 44:00.
- How can we foster critical reading strategies among our learners? And is it our responsibility as language teachers to do something about it? Ah ah ah. Check out the video. 😉 OK, I’ll be nice. While throughout the talk the examples I use are models for what could be used with our learners in the classroom, go here: 48:10.
https://youtu.be/mtHy9SsdKos
If you’re interested in this topic, James Taylor has also published a lesson plan. Additionally, for more references to readings and useful resources, please download this list.
